Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Kultuurgeskiedenis South African Journal of Cultural History | A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present |
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"5: The Demak Mosque: A Construction of Authority" | The pilgrims spend a night under the open sky of the roofless Mosque, the Sacred Grove, Al Mush'ar al-Haram |
le Roux, Schalk June 2007.
18Mann, Sylvia January 1, 1983 | |
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Markus Hattstein; Peter Delius 2007 | Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, M |
While the exact early history of this term is unclear, we know that it only became common in Ottoman times, when administrative order was established over all matters pertaining to the organization of the Muslim faith and the supervision of the holy places, for which the Ottomans took financial and architectural responsibility.
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