"Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p | Kafih Jerusalem, 1984 , ch |
Peter Teed 1992 , p.
17Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G | |
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The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol |
however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632.
These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions | |
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Lapidus 2002 , pp 0 |
Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence.
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