| Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007 | 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account |
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| Lapidus 2002 , pp 0 |
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| Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition 1970 , p | This book, which includes a prologue written after the September 11th attacks, is a defense against the prejudice directed toward a religion that is practiced by many believers worldwide |
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| Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic | however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 |
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6| Karen Armstrong narrates the beginnings of Islam a word which means submission and peace , and of the theological and political disputes that soon affected the lives of families living in the Mecca or Medina | These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions |
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| sources are not contemporaneous with the events they purport to relate and sometimes were written many centuries later |
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