| "Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• 597, which notes that many of the details surrounding Muhammad's life as given in the biographies, are "problematic in certain respects, the most important of which is that they represent a tradition of living narrative that is likely to have developed orally for a considerable period before it was given even a relatively fixed written form | however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 |
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| Kafih Jerusalem, 1984 , ch |
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7| Lapidus 2002 , pp 0 | Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence |
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| Peter Teed 1992 , p | Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007 |
These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions.
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