Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G | |
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The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol | "Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 |
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12El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p | See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p |
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Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence | Peter Teed 1992 , p |
These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions.
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